Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has evolved as the most common form of chronic liver disease in children and has become a serious public health issue. As in adults, NAFLD…
Neonatal Hepatitis
The term neonatal hepatitis originated in the 1950s when few causes of neonatal liver disease were identified, and pathologists recognized a characteristic histologic appearance of the neonatal liver in response…
Mitochondrial Hepatopathies: Disorders of Fatty Acid Oxidation and the Respiratory Chain
Inherited mitochondrial disorders of fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and the mitochondrial respiratory chain both affect mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. The respiratory chain is made up of five separate complexes in the…
Imperforate Anus
The term imperforate anus is a misnomer; it is commonly used to refer to a spectrum of anorectal malformations, ranging from a benign defect that requires a minor operation and…
Colonoscopy, Polypectomy, and Related Techniques
The development of the colonoscope followed that of upper panendoscopes. Rigid proctoscopes were developed in the late 1800s, and fiberoptic techniques were adapted to visualize the sigmoid and descending colon…
Capsule Endoscopy and Small Bowel Enteroscopy
Small bowel capsule endoscopy (CE) was introduced in 2001 as a noninvasive means of obtaining high-quality, color endoscopic images from the duodenum to the cecum. Soon thereafter, CE challenged traditional…
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a combined endoscopic and radiologic procedure used for both diagnostic, and more commonly, therapeutic interventions within the pancreatic and biliary tree. The procedure utilizes the…
Hirschsprung’s Disease
Hirschsprung’s disease (HD) is a disorder of distal intestinal motility that is the result of a congenital absence of ganglion cells in the myenteric plexuses of the intestine. The absence…
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and Related Techniques
The earliest gastrointestinal endoscopies were performed in the late 1880s using rigid instruments, looking initially at the esophagus and rectum. The semiflexible gastroscope was developed in the early 1930s by…
Newborn Abdominal Wall Defects
Historical Background Omphalocele was first described by Ambrose Paré during the 16th century, with emphasis on the critical nature and poor prognosis of this condition; gastroschisis was likely described by…
