Pathogenesis and Management of Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis Zeid J. Khitan and Joseph I. Shapiro Acid–base disorders occur commonly in clinical medicine. Although the degree of acidosis or alkalosis that…
Pathophysiology and Management of Respiratory and Mixed Acid–Base Disorders Seth B. Furgeson and William D. Kaehny Respiratory acid–base disorders are caused by primary changes from normal excretion of carbon dioxide…
Obstructive Nephropathy: Pathophysiology and Management Kevin P. G. Harris Introduction Urine that is produced by the kidney is conveyed to the urinary bladder by the renal pelvis and ureter. This…
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Renal Sodium Excretion, Edematous Disorders, and Diuretic Use Robert W. Schrier An understanding of body fluid volume regulation, as modulated by renal sodium and water excretion, is critical for the…
The Glomerulopathies Joshua M. Thurman and Ryan J. Goldberg Disorders affecting the structure and function of the glomeruli (glomerulopathies) are among the most common causes of acute and chronic renal…
Chronic Kidney Disease: Manifestations and Pathogenesis Michel Chonchol and Laurence Chan Chronic kidney disease is characterized by a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and histologic evidence of a reduction…
Disorders of Calcium, Phosphorus, Vitamin D, and Parathyroid Hormone Activity Mordecai M. Popovtzer Serum Calcium Concentration The calcium ion is essential to any physiologic phenomena, including preservation of the integrity…
Disorders of the Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System John M. Carson, Matthew K. Abramowitz, Manish P. Ponda, and Thomas H. Hostetter The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) has been conserved through evolution and is present…
Acute Kidney Injury: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management Charles L. Edelstein Acute kidney injury (AKI) (defined as an increase in serum creatinine >0.5 mg/dL) occurs in 1% of hospital admissions (1),…
