Overview Around 25% of patients start dialysis without adequate preparation within the United Kingdom. This is often due to a failure to integrate care, such as in patients with diabetes….
Overview Renal artery stenosis (RAS) may present as drug-resistant hypertension, acute kidney injury (especially with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) use), chronic renal impairment or…
Overview Urinary protein excretion of <150 mg/day is normal (∼30 mg of this is albumin and about 70–100 mg is Tamm-Horsfall (muco)protein, derived from the proximal renal tubule). Protein excretion can rise transiently…
Overview Patients need to be given timely information about prognosis and quality of life, whether they are on dialysis, choose to stop or even choose not to start dialysis in…
Overview Only a small proportion of patients attending general nephrology clinics will eventually progress to stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD). Up to 25% of patients starting renal replacement therapy…
Overview Dysuria is usually urinary tract infection-related, but it can be due to urethritis (e.g. chlamydia, herpes) or vaginitis (e.g. Trichomonas spp). Asymptomatic bacteriuria does not generally need treatment except…
Overview The overall incidence of anaemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3, 4 and 5 is around 12%. Anaemia of CKD can start to develop when the estimated glomerular…
Feature Embryo Fetus Blastogenesis Organogenesis Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Bilaminar disc. Endoderm X Yolk sac. Connecting stalk X Trilaminar disc X Early: midline…
Texas Children’s Hospital Consultations HB 85 185 HCC 33 57 Fibrolamellar carcinoma 5 6 Cholangiocarcinoma 2 1 Undifferentiated sarcoma 18 31 Rhabdomyosarcoma 2 3 Mesenchymal hamartoma 14 26 Hemangioma…
Disease Proposed cause Selective IgA deficiency Impaired IgA synthesis; molecular defect unknown in most cases; mutation in TNFRSF13B in ~5 % Common variable immunodeficiency Impaired B cell maturation; molecular defect…
