Abdominal Key

The pathway of sympathetic innervation to the kidneys and upper ureter (see Plate 1-15) begins in presynaptic fibers originating in the T10-L1 levels of the IML. These fibers travel through…

PARASYMPATHETIC Anatomy. Parasympathetic innervation of the urinary system is derived from cranial and sacral sources. Both sources send presynaptic fibers all the way to the target organ, where they synapse…

The inferior vesical arteries ramify over the fundus and neck of the bladder. On their way to the bladder, the arteries pass through the lateral ligaments of the bladder, where…

Eventually the veins unite into four to six trunks that converge within the renal sinus, lying anterior but only in a roughly similar pattern to the segmental arteries. Approximately 1…

Each renal artery, as well as its segmental branches near the hilum, also supplies numerous small branches to the perinephric fat, renal fascia, renal capsule, renal pelvis, and ureter. Segmental…

Anomalies of the Renal Artery. In about two thirds of individuals, a single renal artery passes to each kidney. In the remainder, a variety of anomalies may be seen. Roughly…

Inferior. Except for a variable layer of endopelvic fascia, the neck of the bladder rests directly on the pelvic floor muscles (e.g., levator ani) in females, whereas in males the…

Around the ureteric orifices, the muscular coat of each ureter also fans out into the bladder. Some of these muscle fibers cross the midline to unite with strands from the…

Superior. The peritoneum covering the anterosuperior aspect of the bladder reflects onto the abdominal wall to form the paired supravesical fossae of the peritoneal cavity. These fossae are divided by…

BLADDER INSERTION The ureters penetrate the thick wall of the bladder about 2.5 cm from the midline. They run in an anteromedial direction within the wall of the bladder and…