Glomerular Filtration Rate
Plate 3-3 GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE GLOMERULAR FORCES THAT DETERMINE FILTRATION RATE Blood that enters the glomerular capillaries is filtered into Bowman’s space, the first region of the nephron. The glomerular…
Renal Handling of Sodium and Chloride: Nephron Sites of Sodium Reabsorption
MECHANISMS OF TRANSPORT In all portions of the nephron, basolateral Na+/K+ ATPases pump sodium from the tubular epithelial cells into the interstitium. As a result, intracellular sodium concentrations remain low,…
Posterior Urethral Valves: Radiographic Findings
The long-term clinical syndrome that results from PUVs is known as the “valve-bladder syndrome.” Affected patients have large bladder volumes and subsequent overflow incontinence, which occur because bladder compliance and…
Basic Functions and Homeostasis
The same basic mechanism applies to solutes, such as potassium, calcium, and other salts, the concentrations of which are maintained in very narrow ranges in the extracellular and intracellular spaces….
Anomalies of the Urachus
TREATMENT A patent urachus or superior sinus should be excised using either an open or laparoscopic technique. It is essential to remove all abnormal urachal tissue because there is a…
Posterior Urethral Valves: Gross Appearance
The developmental abnormality that gives rise to PUVs remains uncertain, at least in part because of the ongoing debate over the precise morphology of this defect. It has been hypothesized,…
Bladder Duplication and Septation
TREATMENT The need for surgical intervention depends on the nature and extent of the malformation. If an obstruction is present, it should be excised as soon as possible so as…
Epispadias Exstrophy Complex: Bladder Exstrophy
With current reconstructive strategies, most patients achieve urinary continence (albeit with clean intermittent catheterization in a significant proportion) and can lead satisfying personal and professional lives. Long-term management, however, must…
Prune Belly Syndrome: Appearance of Kidneys, Ureters, and Bladder
Finally, early orchidopexy is recommended in all patients because it often allows them to achieve normal production of sex hormones at puberty. In addition, it greatly facilitates a regular examination…
Epispadias Exstrophy Complex: Epispadias
PATHOGENESIS The embryologic defect underlying the epispadiasexstrophy complex is poorly understood. The most prominent theory argues that the main defect lies in the cloacal membrane, the bilaminar structure consisting of…
