Overview of Acute Kidney Injury: Causes
Patients with prerenal AKI may exhibit other signs of volume depletion, such as tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension, and dry mucous membranes. In addition, prerenal AKI can be distinguished from other causes…
Major Causes and Symptoms of Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
TREATMENT All potentially modifiable causes of NDI should be reversed. Lithium, for example, should be discontinued, and hypokalemia or hypercalcemia should be corrected. These measures may lead to complete recovery…
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus: Diabetes Insipidus
Other drugs that may cause diabetes insipidus include demeclocycline, amphotericin B, and orlistat. The mechanisms are diverse and not completely understood. V2 receptor antagonists, such as tolvaptan, may cause transient…
Classic Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis
Classic dRTA is treated with alkali replacement. If treatment is not instituted early on, however, chronic kidney disease may occur secondary to nephrocalcinosis or uncontrolled nephrolithiasis with consequent obstruction. Of…
Proximal Renal Tubular Acidosis
In addition to acidosis, pRTA features hypokalemia because the nonreabsorbed bicarbonate produces a negative charge in the collecting duct lumen, promoting K+ secretion through ROM-K channels. If there is generalized…
Additional Functions: Erythropoiesis and Vitamin D
VITAMIN D Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that can be acquired either from diet or from sunlight-induced conversion of epidermal fats. In either case, vitamin D undergoes numerous modifications…
Acid-Base Balance: Acidosis and Alkalosis
Acidosis directly up-regulates ammoniagenesis through various mechanisms. Hypokalemia also up-regulates ammoniagenesis, whereas hyperkalemia down-regulates it, likely because of the effects of basolateral H+/K+ exchange on intracellular pH. Angiotensin II also…
Tubuloglomerular Feedback and Modulation of Renin Release
MECHANISMS OF TUBULOGLOMERULAR FEEDBACK The available evidence suggests that the macula densa, located at the end of the thick ascending limb, senses tubular flow based on the concentrations of sodium…
Tubuloglomerular Feedback and Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
AII also acts at the subfornical organ in the brain, located outside the blood-brain barrier, to promote the release of ADH (see Plate 3-17) and to stimulate thirst. Moreover, it…
Antidiuretic Hormone
EFFECTS ADH exerts multiple effects on the kidneys and cardiovascular system, which include the following: In collecting ducts, ADH binds to V2 receptors on the basolateral membrane of principal cells,…
