PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS In the early years of the AIDS epidemic, before anti retroviral therapy, the classic clinical presentation o HIVAN was rapidly progressive renal failure accompanied by moderate to…
Related posts: Renal Ascent and Ectopia: Thoracic and Crossed Ectopic Kidney Renal Handling of Sodium and Chloride: Nephron Sites of Sodium Reabsorption Glomerular Filtration Rate: Calculation Hepatorenal Syndrome: Proposed Pathophysiology…
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY HIVAN is caused by direct infection of renal epithelial cells by the HIV-1 virus, leading to viral gene expression. RNA in situ hybridization and DNA in situ polymerase chain…
TREATMENT Treatment of myeloma cast nephropathy centers on volume expansion, which reduces intratubular cast concentration, as well as chemotherapy (and sometimes plasmapheresis), which reduces serum free light chain concentration. The…
PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS Nearly 50% of patients with myeloma cast nephropathy have acute kidney injury; the remaining cases are either subacute or chronic. A typical presentation in a patient without…
TREATMENT All patients with proteinuria, irrespective of the histologic class, should be treated with ACE inhibitors or ARBs. Hypertension should be strictly controlled. Hyperlipidemia should also be treated if present,…
In class IV (“diffuse LN”), the lesions are qualitatively similar to those of Class III but involve 50% or more of all glomeruli. In addition, there is often a more…
Related posts: Renal Ascent and Ectopia: Thoracic and Crossed Ectopic Kidney Renal Handling of Sodium and Chloride: Nephron Sites of Sodium Reabsorption Glomerular Filtration Rate: Calculation Hepatorenal Syndrome: Proposed Pathophysiology…
DIAGNOSIS OF SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS The American College of Rheumatology has proposed a list of 11 clinical, pathologic, and laboratory criteria that can be used to diagnose SLE. These include:…
PROGNOSIS In AL amyloidosis, the prognosis depends on the degree of systemic involvement (especially cardiac involvement) and the degree to which therapy reduces free light chain production. Although AL amyloidosis…
