Cystitis: Treatment
Some patients will require prophylactic treatment to prevent recurrent infection. Some young women, for example, experience frequent UTIs associated with sexual intercourse. These patients should be advised to void after…
Cystitis: Common Symptoms and Tests
In certain populations, such as the elderly, symptoms may be less specific and include depressed mental status and failure to thrive, or there may be no symptoms at all. Children…
Cystitis: Evaluation
When initiating treatment, rapid hydration of the patient can increase urine production and facilitate clearance of some bacteria through voiding. As discussed earlier, urinary pH plays an integral role in…
Cystitis: Risk Factors
These protective mechanisms, however, may be overcome or impaired in certain circumstances. For example, when women engage in sexual intercourse, there is often substantial displacement of both fecal and vaginal…
Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease: Mechanism of Progression and Complications
In general, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents are used to maintain a hemoglobin level of 11 to 12 g/dL. The target should not exceed 13 g/dL. In patients receiving this treatment, iron stores…
Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease: Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism in Chronic Kidney Disease
If PTH levels remain elevated despite these measures, active vitamin D analogues (such as calcitriol) may be used in lieu of ergocalciferol; however, these agents may cause marked elevation of…
Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease: Uremia
ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS It is essential that renally cleared medications be dosed based on eGFR. Furthermore, drugs that may precipitate an acute decline in renal function, such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs…
Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease: Normal Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism
Diuretics are often needed as well, especially as more advanced disease leads to greater retention of sodium and water. In general, at an eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2, loop diuretics are…
Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease: Staging System and Major Causes
ASSESSMENT OF RENAL FUNCTION The serum creatinine concentration should be used to estimate the creatinine clearance or GFR (eGFR), which can be accomplished using the Cockcroft-Gault formula or the modification…
Cystinosis: Extrarenal Manifestations
TREATMENT The treatment of cystinosis can be divided into symptomatic and pathophysiologic management. Symptomatic management addresses the numerous complications of cystine accumulation in different organ systems. The major early complication…
