Urolithiasis: Appearance of Renal Stones
The symptoms of bladder calculi are typically less obvious than those associated with kidney stones. Some patients may be completely unaware that they have a stone, while others may complain…
Obstructive Uropathy: Sequelae
More invasive tests—such as cystoscopy, ureteroscopy, and nephroscopy—allow clinicians to make diagnoses under direct vision and simultaneously perform therapeutic interventions. These tests, however, do not provide any functional information. Acute…
Urolithiasis: Formation of Renal Stones
Noncalcium stones are also associated with specific metabolic, genetic, and infectious disorders. Uric acid stones primarily occur in the setting of overly acidic urine, in which uric acid crystallizes. These…
Schistosomiasis: Effects of Chronic Schistosoma Haematobium Infection
Praziquantel has been demonstrated to be safe in pregnancy, and current World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines recommend that symptomatic pregnant woman be treated. Some experts, however, advise delaying treatment until…
Obstructive Uropathy: Etiology
Decompensation occurs as the ureter lengthens and becomes tortuous, followed by replacement of normal ureteral muscle with scar tissue. As a result, the ureter progressively loses its ability to contract…
Schistosomiasis: Life Cycle of Schistosoma Haematobium
In some cases, these inflammatory processes involve the ureteric orifices or urethra, causing stricture formation and obstruction. These abnormalities may lead to hydronephrosis and, in a small percentage of cases,…
Tuberculosis: Urinary Tract
PROGNOSIS In the developed world, tuberculosis is rarely a cause of chronic kidney disease. Preservation of renal function, however, depends on early detection to limit renal parenchymal destruction. In developing…
Tuberculosis: Infection and Extrapulmonary Spread
PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS The symptoms of genitourinary tuberculosis can be very nonspecific. Patients often complain of urinary frequency and may, in some cases, experience gross hematuria or flank pain. Some…
Intrarenal and Perinephric Abscesses
The duration of antibiotic therapy depends on the size of the abscess and the extent of drainage. Generally, it is continued for 2 to 3 weeks following successful drainage. The…
Bacteriuria: Management of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria
In nonpregnant women, asymptomatic bacteriuria increases the risk of cystitis, but neither general screening nor treatment is recommended because bacteriuria tends to rapidly recur. Likewise, there is no benefit to…
