Diagnostic Primary sclerosing cholangitis Indeterminate biliary strictures Sphincter of Oddi manometry Patient with contraindications to noninvasive imaging Therapeutic Common bile duct stones Benign biliary strictures Malignant biliary strictures Primary sclerosing…
Fig. 5.1 Schematic representation of the current hypotheses on the aetiopathogenesis of IgG4-RD and IAC. (With thanks to WouterSmit (AMC, Amsterdam) for his contribution in illustrating this figure) Role of…
Fig. 7.1 Mild hepatocanalicular cholestasis (arrow) in a patient with acute Hepatitis A virus infection. Note the background lobular disarray and inflammation. H and E, 600×. (Courtesy of Maxwell L….
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) Autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis Granulomatous hepatitis Hepatic amyloidosis Congestive hepatopathy Hepatic sarcoidosis Systemic viral infections • Hepatitis Viruses (A, B, C, D, E) • Cytomegalovirus…
Early (<6 months) Late (>6 months) Extrahepatic: Extrahepatic: Stricture—single (anastomotic, external compression) Benign stricture—single (anastomotic) Stricture—multiple (HAT/ischemic) Multiple (HAT/ischemic, rPSC) Biliary leak Stones Cholangitis Intrahepatic: Intrahepatic: Preservation/reperfusion injury Acute cellular…
Canalicular impairment Sepsis Hormone mediated cholestasis (intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy) Congestive hepatopathy Paraneoplastic cholestasis Systemic amyloidosis Sickle cell disease Small intrahepatic bile ducts obstruction Sarcoidosis Rheumatological diseases Cystic fibrosis Graft…
Drug/therapy Dosage Efficacy proven in controlled trials Cholestyramine 4–16 g/day (PO) Rifampicin 300–600 mg/day (PO) adult 10 mg/kg/day (PO) child Naltrexone 25–50 mg/day (PO) Naloxone 0.2 μg/kg/min (IV) Sertraline 75–100…
Anabolic steroids, estrogens Amoxicillin–clavulanic acid Azathioprine Cetirizine Chlorpromazine Cyclosporin Dapsone Diltiazem Erythromycin Fenofibrate Floxuridine Gold salts Infliximab Itraconazole Metolazone Nitrofurantoin Oral contraceptives Phenytoin Rifampicin Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole 5-Fluorouracil or floxuridine A history…
Cholestatic (%) Mixed (%) Hepatocellular (%) Bjornsson and Olsson [13] 26 22 52 De Valle et al. [16] 40 12 48 Andrade et al. [14] 20 22 58 Chalasani…
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Rubin et al. [59] Portal inflammation and bile duct injury Proliferation and destruction of bile ductules Cirrhosis Scheuer [60] Florid duct…
