Abdominal Key

Fig. 4.1 Typical chronic anal fissure 4.2 Epidemiology Fissure in ano is one of the common benign anorectal conditions and can occur at any age. It commonly affects the younger…

Fig. 11.1 Muscles and ligament of the pelvic floor. 1 uterosacral ligament, 2 levator plate, 3 longitudinal muscle of anus, 4 perineal body, 5 rectovaginal fascia, 6 muscle of perineal…

Fig. 6.1 Classical position for pilonidal sinus Fig. 6.2 Hair from pilonidal sinus (courtesy of Pankaj Garg, India) 6.4 Differential Diagnosis Furuncle, carbuncle, anal fistula (Fig. 6.3a, b), hidradenitis suppurativa,…

(i) Anal fissures (xvi) Rectal endometriosis (ii) Hemorrhoidal and varicose ulcer (xvii) Injury: (iii) Ulcer with mucosal prolapse  Self-inflicted (iv) Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis  Iatrogenic (v) Proctitis:  Anal intercourse…

Grade Type of injury Description of injury I Hematoma Contusion or hematoma without devascularization Laceration Partial-thickness laceration II Laceration Laceration <50% of circumference III Laceration Laceration >50% of circumference IV…

Fig. 1.1 Anatomy of anorectum It is angulated at junction with the rectum because the pull of the sling-like action of puborectalis muscle forms anorectal angle (Fig. 1.2). It lies…

Fig. 2.1 Reflex mechanisms involved in defecation process The internal sphincter, the external sphincter, and the levator ani constitute the motor components. The internal sphincter unconsciously maintains continence by its…