Bleeding lesion Frequency (%) Diverticulosis 5–42 Ischemia 6–18 Anorectal (hemorrhoids, anal fissures, rectal ulcers) 6–16 Neoplasia (polyps and cancers) 3–11 Angioectasia 0–3 Postpolypectomy 0–13 Inflammatory bowel disease 2–4 Radiation colitis…
Vascular lesions Angiodysplasia Dieulafoy lesion Ischemic enteritis Varices Portal enteropathy Aortoenteric fistula Phlebectasia Telangiectasia (Osler-Rendu-Weber disease, Turner’s syndrome, systemic sclerosis) Hemangioma (blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome, Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome) Inflammatory lesions…
Endoscopy related Other causes Air insufflation Myocardial infarction Post-polypectomy syndrome Pulmonary embolism Perforation/abdominal compartment syndrome Pneumonia/aspiration Post-ERCP pancreatitis Diabetic ketoacidosis Endoscopic therapy-related conditions (e.g., post-band ligation, post-stent placement, post-polypectomy syndrome,…
Fig. 4.1 Active variceal bleeding at the gastroesophageal junction Fig. 4.2 Acute variceal hemorrhage with “fibrin plug” identified on a varix (arrow) Fig. 4.3 Large esophageal varices with red color…
Manufacturer Device name Sheath diameter (French) Sheath length (cm) Needle gauge Needle length (mm) Boston Scientific (Natick, MA) Interject sclerotherapy needle 7 200, 240 23, 25 4, 6 ConMed Endoscopic…
Score Age Shock Comorbidities Diagnosis Evidence of recent bleeding 0 <60 No shock No major comorbidity Mallory-Weiss, no bleeding or lesion identified None or dark spot only 1 60–79 Pulse…
Endoscopes Overtubes Accessories Flexible endoscope 45–60-cm-long overtubes Retrieval net Rigid endoscope Grasping forceps Laryngoscope Dormia basket Polypectomy snares Transparent vacuum cap Latex protector hood Kelly or McGill forceps Fig. 16.1…
Pancreatic Gallstone pancreatitis Infected pancreatic pseudocyst Infected pancreatic necrosis Occluded pancreatic stent Biliary Acute cholangitis Acute cholecystitis Bile leak Hepatic abscess Pancreas In this section, we address acute gallstone pancreatitis,…
Fig. 12.1 Approach to the management of acute esophageal variceal bleeding (EBL, endoscopic band ligation; TIPS, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt) Initial Assessment and Resuscitation In patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal…
Fig. 13.1 Large fundal varices in cluster of grapes formation The Sarin classification is commonly used to categorize gastric varices on the basis of their location in the stomach and…
