Other Techniques for Laparoscopic Hepatectomy
(1) Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China The laparoscopic approach allows patients a rapid return to daily activity and has been adopted…
Instruments for Laparoscopic Hepatectomy by Curettage and Aspiration
(1) Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a mature laparoscopic surgery and is supposed to be the basic laparoscopic…
Disorders of Water Balance: Physiology
Stimuli Response Osmotic Increase in plasma osmolality ↑ Decrease in plasma osmolality ↓ Nonosmotic Decrease in volume or blood pressure ↑ Increase in volume or blood pressure ↓ Nausea ↑…
Evaluation of an Acid–Base Disorder
Acid–base disorder pH Primary change Secondary change Mechanism of secondary change Metabolic acidosis < 7.40 ↓ HCO3 − ↓ pCO2 Hyperventilation Metabolic alkalosis > 7.40 ↑ HCO3 − ↑ pCO2 Hypoventilation Respiratory…
Disorders of Water Balance: Hyponatremia
Where Nae + and Ke + are total exchangeable quantities of these cations, and TBW is total body water . Therefore, hyponatremia can develop by an increase in total body…
Acid–Base Physiology
. Thus, pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the [H+]. An inverse relationship exists between pH and [H+]. In other words, as the pH increases, the [H+] decreases…
Body Fluid Compartments
Electrolyte Mol wt Valence Eq wt Concentrations Intracellular concentration mg/dL mEq/dL mmol/L mEq/L Cations Na+ 23 1 23 326 142 142 14 K+ 39 1 39 16 4 4 140 Ca2 + a 40…
Metabolic Alkalosis
Chloride-responsive alkalosis Chloride-resistant alkalosis Gastrointestinal (GI)and renal-associated Hypertension-associated Vomiting Primary aldosteronism Nasogastric suction 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 deficiency Congenital chloride diarrhea Licorice, chewing tobacco, carbenoxolone Villous adenoma Fludrocortisone administration Posthypercapnia…
Disorders of Water Balance: Hypernatremia
where Nae + and Ke + are total exchangeable quantities of these cations, and TBW is total body water. Therefore, hypernatremia can develop by a deficit in total body water…
Mixed Acid–Base Disorders
Acid–base disorder Clinical setting pH pCO2 a Na+ K+ Cl− HCO3 −a AG Double acid–base disorders Metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis Renal failure (CKD 4 and 5), diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic…
