Abdominal Key

Fig. 15.1 Early vesicovaginal fistula with sloughing tissue draining out through the vagina (Reproduced with permission of Dr. Andrew Browning) Vesicovaginal fistulae are the most common type of fistulae. The…

Fig. 2.1 Rectum Anorectal Muscles The rectal tunica muscularis, such as in the colon, is composed by one inner circular layer and one external longitudinal layer. The latter is an…

Fig. 13.1 Infralevator haematoma A supralevator haematoma, on the contrary, is not visible externally (Fig. 13.2). It can be felt as an insensitive rubbery mass protruding into the vaginal wall…

Fig. 8.1 Schematic of the perineal muscles (With kind permission from Springer Science + Business Media: Thakar and Fenner [12], p. 1–12) Obstetric anal sphincter injury involves the muscles of the anal…

Fig. 1.1 Superficial perineal compartment (superficial transverse perineal muscles (a), vestibular and Bartholin’s gland after left bulbospongiosus muscle removal (b) (With kind permission from Springer Science + Business Media: Thakar and Fenner…

Fig. 4.1 (a) POP-Q points after Bump RC et al. [13]. (b) All patients in the nonpregnant group had a POP-Q stage of 0 or 1 (c) 47.6 % of…

Fig. 7.1 Pelvic floor dysfunction in women with or without vaginal delivery (Reprinted from Patel et al. [4], Copyright 2006, with permission from Elsevier) Vaginal delivery increases the incidence of…

Fig. 14.1 Magnetic resonance imaging findings of levator musculator (LM) at the level of the proximal urethra. (a) Control subject, intact LM on both sides. LM subjectively thinner on the…

Fig. 12.1 EAUS of postpartum EAS lesion On the other hand, many patients with significant defect at ultrasound may be clinically asymptomatic. Afro-Caribbean women have a lower incidence of severe…

Fig. 6.1 Number of published articles per year (1921–2013) searching for the keyword episiotomy in the PubMed database [8] Definition, Classification, Types of Episiotomy Episiotomy is a surgical enlargement of…