Overactive Bladder: Non-neurogenic
Fig. 3.1 Detrusor overactivity Findings Filling Phase First desire at 82 cm3. Strong desire soon after. Multiple detrusor contractions at 160, 175, 189, 197, and 200 cm3. Large amplitude detrusor…
Overactive Bladder: Neurogenic
Fig. 4.1 Urodynamic tracing for 39-year-old man with T6 SCI Findings The urodynamic tracing demonstrates the filling phase. The patient’s bladder was emptied by catheterization after he was unable to…
Iatrogenic Female Bladder Outlet Obstruction
Fig. 10.1 Urodynamics tracing for patient 1 Findings The patient has an otherwise stable cystometrogram (filling phase) and tolerates a normal volume into her bladder (400 cm3). When given permission…
Further Investigations and Follow-Up: Pelvic Floor Ultrasound
Fig. 10.1 A GE probe applied transperineally to obtain 3D/4D data volumes Fig. 10.2 Tomographic ultrasound images obtained using transperineal ultrasound of (a) a typical intact levator ani muscle (LAM)…
Obstetric Fistula
Fig. 15.1 Early vesicovaginal fistula with sloughing tissue draining out through the vagina (Reproduced with permission of Dr. Andrew Browning) Vesicovaginal fistulae are the most common type of fistulae. The…
Anorectal Anatomy and Physiology
Fig. 2.1 Rectum Anorectal Muscles The rectal tunica muscularis, such as in the colon, is composed by one inner circular layer and one external longitudinal layer. The latter is an…
Healing Process and Complications
Fig. 13.1 Infralevator haematoma A supralevator haematoma, on the contrary, is not visible externally (Fig. 13.2). It can be felt as an insensitive rubbery mass protruding into the vaginal wall…
Principles of Assessment of Childbirth Injury
Fig. 8.1 Schematic of the perineal muscles (With kind permission from Springer Science + Business Media: Thakar and Fenner [12], p. 1–12) Obstetric anal sphincter injury involves the muscles of the anal…
Female Pelvic Anatomy
Fig. 1.1 Superficial perineal compartment (superficial transverse perineal muscles (a), vestibular and Bartholin’s gland after left bulbospongiosus muscle removal (b) (With kind permission from Springer Science + Business Media: Thakar and Fenner…
The Effect of Pregnancy on the Pelvic Floor
Fig. 4.1 (a) POP-Q points after Bump RC et al. [13]. (b) All patients in the nonpregnant group had a POP-Q stage of 0 or 1 (c) 47.6 % of…
