Fig. 1.1 Schematic representation of etiology proposed to underlie the different achalasia phenotypes Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (EGJOO) is a condition characterized by HRM findings of impaired EGJ function but,…
Fig. 27.1 Chronic H. pylori gastritis. The arrow points to the chronic inflammatory exudate. Courtesy of Timothy Wallace, MD Fig. 27.2 H. pylori gastritis: immunological stain for H. pylori. The…
Fig. 10.1 A diagnostic algorithm for NERD in patients on PPI treatment based on Rome IV criteria (adapted from [12]) Fig. 10.2 A diagnostic algorithm for NERD in patients off…
Motility disorder Contractility pattern Associated features Conventional manometry [5] Distal esophageal spasm >10% simultaneous contractions • Intermittent normal peristalsis • Spontaneous contractions • Repetitive contractions • Multi-peaked contractions Nutcracker esophagus Elevated mean distal wave…
Fig. 3.1 The approach to patients with GERD symptoms not responding to medical therapy. *The optimal proton pump inhibitor (PPI) dose threshold to define failure of acid suppression is unknown….
Fig. 34.1 The wireless motility capsule system (Smartpill). (a) The capsule. (b) The data receiver and the display software. Used with the permission of Medtronic, Dublin, Ireland Indications for the…
Fig. 13.1 Gastrointestinal junction under white light endoscopy (WLE) showing intestinal metaplasia consistent with Barrett’s esophagus with a nodule Chromoendoscopy Chromoendoscopy uses the topical application of dyes or contrast agents…
Anal sphincter weakness • Injury—obstetric trauma, related to surgical procedures, e.g., hemorrhoidectomy internal sphincterotomy, fistulotomy, anorectal infection • Non-traumatic—scleroderma, internal sphincter thinning of unknown etiology Neuropathy—stretch injury, obstetric trauma, diabetes mellitus Anatomical…
Fig. 17.1 Phases of swallowing Swallowing is finely coordinated with respiration in order to prevent aspiration, and swallowing is dominant over respiration in health. Physical closure of the laryngeal vestibule,…
Fig. 8.1 Example of grade C esophagitis Table 8.1 Los Angeles classification of reflux esophagitis [1] Grade A One or more mucosal breaks no longer than 5 mm, not bridging…
