Preparation and Timing of Dialysis Initiation
Education Preparation for permanent access before initiation of HD KDOQI 2015 GFR <30 (NG) At least 6 months (2006, B) JSDT 2015 GFR 15–30 (1D) At least 1 month (2C) ERBP…
Hemodialysis Procedure and Prescription
Fig. 4.1 Schematic demonstration of hemodialysis prescription 4.1.1 Preparation of Items Arterial and venous blood tubes (or blood tube set). Dialyzer . Two needles (15, 16, or 17 G) for hemodialysis….
Dialysis Indication and Initiation Time for Dialysis
Category Signs and symptoms Fluid accumulation Anasarca, severe low proteinemia, lung congestion Electrolyte disturbance Refractory electrolyte and/or acid-base disturbances Gastrointestinal symptoms Nausea , vomiting, appetite loss, diarrhea, or others Circulatory…
Flux of Dialysis Membrane: Benefit and Risk
Fig. 6.1 Backfiltration, back diffusion of pyrogen, activation of complement, monocyte, neutrophils Traditional cellulose-type membranes are known to have a lower adsorption capacity for pyrogens . On the other hand,…
Surgical Anatomy of Urinary Segments and Operative Surgical Aspects
(1) Urology Department, University of Turin, Turin, Italy In the urinary tract the true segments are identifiable in renal lobes, in supernumerary kidneys, and, in theory, in complete or…
General Remarks
(1) Urology Department, University of Turin, Turin, Italy This part of Urology covers two inter-linked issues: Firstly, the study of pathologies and diseases that are located or potentially located…
Organisation of Kidney and Urinary Apparatus
(1) Urology Department, University of Turin, Turin, Italy It is well known that renal development occurs in three stages, each one countersigned by a transient, tubular organ. These stages…
Other Potential Segmental Pathologies
(1) Urology Department, University of Turin, Turin, Italy 5.1 Renal Hyperplasia and Hypoplasia These types of pathology do not need conservative surgery and segmentectomy. The only exception is Ask-Upmark…
Cystic and Mainly Malformative Diseases of the Kidney
(1) Urology Department, University of Turin, Turin, Italy Etiologic and pathogenetic data are useful if not necessary if we are to understand the segmentary nature of some malformative conditions,…
Renal Tuberculosis
(1) Urology Department, University of Turin, Turin, Italy Since 1967, renal tuberculosis has become less frequent and, as a result, surgery rare. In fact, compared to 15 years ago,…
