Intrinsic Causes of Acute Kidney Injury
Intrinsic Causes of Acute Kidney Injury Anitha Vijayan Introduction The overall management of a patient with acute kidney injury (AKI), as well as pre and postrenal AKI was covered in…
Approach to the Patient with Acute Kidney Injury
Approach to the Patient with Acute Kidney Injury Fadi Tohme General Principles Acute kidney injury (AKI) is among the most commonly encountered clinical syndromes in the hospital setting, with an…
Acid–Base Disorders
Acid–Base Disorders Owais Bhatti Steven Cheng General Principles The body maintains acid–base homeostasis through three primary mechanisms: Chemical buffering by extracellular and intracellular buffers. Controlling pCO2 through modulation of alveolar…
Disorders of Calcium and Phosphorus Balance
Disorders of Calcium and Phosphorus Balance Miraie Wardi Daniel Coyne General Principles The average daily intake of calcium is widely variable, ranging from 400 to 1500 mg/day, much of which…
Disorders of Potassium Balance
Disorders of Potassium Balance Pooja Koolwal Andreas Herrlich General Principles Total body potassium (K+) is about 50 mEq/kg, 98% of which is intracellular. Intracellular [K+] are about 140 mEq/L, approximately…
Disorders of Water Balance
Disorders of Water Balance Usman Younus Steven Cheng General Principles Disorders of sodium (hypo- or hypernatremia) reflect abnormalities in water homeostasis. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is the key regulator of renal…
Approach to Proteinuria and Hematuria
Approach to Proteinuria and Hematuria Ryan Kunjal Timothy Yau Proteinuria General Principles Definition The glomerulus functions as a barrier, preventing cells and large particles, such as proteins, from spilling into…
Assessment of Kidney Function
Assessment of Kidney Function Fizza Abbas Steven Cheng General Principles Assessing kidney function is a critical step in the recognition and monitoring of acute and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Kidney…
Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis
Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis Tracy Hull Perioperative Considerations Construction of the J and S Pouch A total proctocolectomy and ileal pelvic pouch has become the gold-standard operation for ulcerative colitis (UC)…
Crohn Disease: Surgical Management
Crohn Disease: Surgical Management David M. Schwartzberg Stefan D. Holubar Perioperative Considerations Managing Crohn patients is a multidisciplinary endeavor that requires close collaboration with the referring an inflammatory bowel disease…
