Abdominal Key

1. What is chronic kidney disease–mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD)? CKD-MBD is a systemic disorder of mineral and bone metabolism resulting from CKD that may be manifested by either one…

1. What causes anemia in patients with kidney disease? The anemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is primarily caused by deficiency of erythropoietin (EPO). The kidneys are the major source…

1. What is the definition of chronic kidney disease (CKD)? CKD is defined as the presence of kidney damage or decreased kidney function (defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR]…

1. How common are kidney stones? In industrialized countries, approximately 12% of men and 7% of women will form at least one kidney stone in their life, and the prevalence…

1. What is obstructive uropathy? Obstructive uropathy is structural or functional interference of normal urine flow anywhere along the urinary tract. Obstructive uropathy can be acute or chronic, partial, or…

1. What is nephrotic syndrome? Nephrotic syndrome is one of the most rigidly defined entities in clinical medicine. The term is not a specific diagnosis, but instead represents a cluster…

1. What is the syndrome of acute glomerulonephritis? Acute glomerulonephritis is an acute kidney injury (AKI) syndrome characterized by the sudden onset of edema and new-onset or worsening hypertension. Urinalysis…

1. What is contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), and how does it occur? Iodinated contrast media can lead to a usually reversible form of non-oliguric acute kidney injury (AKI) that occurs typically…

1. What is rhabdomyolysis? Rhabdomyolysis is a condition characterized by muscle injury leading to myocyte necrosis and the release of intracellular contents into the circulation. The term is usually applied…

1. How is sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) defined? SA-AKI is characterized by the simultaneous presence of AKI (based on a consensus definition such as the Acute Kidney Injury Network…