Infection-Related Glomerulonephritis
Abstract Glomerulonephritis (GN) relating to bacterial infections is discussed in this chapter. While a portion of the chapter is dedicated to discussing classic poststreptococcal GN, an emphasis is placed on…
Glomerular Clinicopathologic Syndromes
Abstract The major signs and symptoms of glomerular disease are proteinuria, hematuria, reduced kidney function, edema, and hypertension. Nephrotic syndrome has more proteinuria and edema, whereas glomerulonephritic syndrome typically has…
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
Abstract Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) can be considered a set of six syndromes, including primary FSGS, adaptive FSGS, APOL1 FSGS, high-penetrance genetic FSGS, virus-associated FSGS, and medication-associated FSGS. These distinctions…
Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome
Abstract Minimal change disease (MCD) is a predominant cause of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (NS) in children. Because most children with idiopathic NS are steroid sensitive, they are not typically biopsied,…
Edema and the Clinical Use of Diuretics
Chlorothiazide, which became available in 1958, ushered in the modern era of diuretic therapy, initially for the treatment of edematous states and shortly thereafter for the treatment of essential hypertension….
Disorders of Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium Homeostasis
Abstract Disorders of mineral metabolism (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium) are common, especially in hospitalized patients. The extracellular concentrations of these ions are less than 1% of total body stores, and the…
Disorders of Potassium Metabolism
Abstract Potassium homeostasis is regulated both by potassium excretion (primarily by the kidneys and to a smaller extent by the gut) and by potassium distribution regulated primarily by insulin and…
Hypernatremia
Abstract The serum sodium concentration is the ratio of sodium to water in the extracellular fluid compartment. It is determined by the relationship among total body sodium, potassium, and water,…
Hyponatremia and Hypoosmolar Disorders
Abstract Hyponatremia is the most common clinical electrolyte disorder, affecting up to 15% to 38% of hospitalized patients based on reports from multiple studies worldwide over the last several decades….
Imaging the Kidneys
Abstract Accurate and precise diagnosis of disorders of kidney parenchyma, vasculature, and collecting system can be achieved by utilization of advanced imaging techniques that have rapidly evolved in the past…
