Abstract Genetic studies of kidney diseases over the past two decades have provided novel insights into underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms and spurred progress toward the goal of precision medicine. This chapter…
Abstract Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is a common cause of AKI. It most commonly develops following medication exposure that illicits an immune response in the kidney. AIN also occur in…
Abstract Acid-base disorders are manifestations of underlying pathology and also very helpful clues regarding a patient’s likely differential diagnoses. When severe, acid-base derangements can themselves have deleterious effects. These disorders…
Abstract Impaired kidney function leads to altered pharmacokinetics of many drugs. This may result in clinically significant changes in systemic drug exposure and response. Individualized drug dosing regimens may be…
Abstract Initial management of acute kidney injury (AKI) includes timely recognition of the problem and correction of the underlying cause. Once established, management focuses on preventing extension of kidney injury…
Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) are among the most important viral-induced causes of kidney disease. Each can present with a spectrum…
Abstract Acute tubular injury (ATI) is characterized by damage to the renal tubular epithelial cells from ischemic or nephrotoxic insults. There are a wide array of pathologies that can result…
Abstract Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a complex syndrome associated with several etiologic factors, including specific kidney diseases (e.g., acute interstitial nephritis [AIN] and acute glomerular diseases) and nonspecific conditions…
Abstract Systemic vasculitides encompass a group of diseases that can affect different caliber vessels. Large-vessel vasculitides (giant cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis) affect the kidney by predominantly affecting blood flow…
Abstract Lupus nephritis (LN) is clinically evident in 50% to 75% of lupus patients and is a significant cause of lupus-associated morbidity and mortality, including end-stage kidney disease. LN is…
