Abstract Chronic kidney disease (CKD) alters the regulation of calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D homeostasis, leading to secondary hyperparathyroidism, elevations in serum fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), metabolic bone disease,…
Abstract Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality across the spectrum of chronic kidney disease (CKD), with increased risk seen in individuals with reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and…
Abstract As chronic kidney disease (CKD) progresses, the requirements and utilization of different nutrients change significantly. Protein energy wasting (PEW), defined as a state of decreased body stores of protein…
Abstract The 2012 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guideline update maintained the 2002 KDOQI definition of chronic kidney disease (CKD) but revised the classification to guide management. CKD is…
Abstract The pathophysiology of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is dependent on the inciting cause, but irrespective of the etiology, there is a consistent pattern of ongoing damage across most forms…
Abstract This chapter describes the high prevalence of chronic kidney disease in older adults, age differences in rates of progression to end-stage renal disease, clinical significance of moderate reductions in…
Abstract Healthy pregnancy produces dramatic changes in kidney function, including alterations in kidney hemodynamic, endocrine, and tubular function. This chapter discusses physiologic changes in the kidneys in pregnancy. We will…
Abstract Pediatric nephrology has rapidly evolved over the last several decades, with major advances in the pathophysiology, genetics, diagnosis, and treatment of children with kidney diseases. With refined therapeutics, increasing…
Abstract Nephrolithiasis is common, painful, and costly. The diagnosis is made with a careful history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging, and the evaluation includes blood tests, stone analysis, and…
Abstract Urinary tract infection is a common bacterial infection. Management is determined by the clinical presentation–acute uncomplicated urinary infection, pyelonephritis, complicated urinary tract infection, prostatitis, or asymptomatic bacteriuria. For some…
