Milestones in Congenital Cardiac Surgery
Print Section Listen “There is nothing more difficult to take in hand, more perilous to conduct, nor uncertain in its success, than to take the lead in the introduction of…
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection
Key Concepts Print Section Listen Epidemiology Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) accounts for 1 to 3 percent of all cases of congenital heart defects. Obstructed TAPVC is one of…
Pulmonary Stenosis and Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum
Key Concepts Print Section Listen Pulmonary stenosis Right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) obstruction at the level of the pulmonary valve Pulmonary annulus may be stenotic or normal. Treatment is often…
Double Outlet Right Ventricle
Key Concepts Print Section Listen Epidemiology Relatively uncommon congenital anomaly seen in 0.09 in 1000 births Pathophysiology Considerable variability in pathophysiology is seen with double outlet right ventricle (DORV) and…
Truncus Arteriosus
Key Concepts Print Section Listen Epidemiology Truncus arteriosus is a rare cyanotic cardiac malformation with an incidence of 0.07 per 1000 live births (1.1 percent of all cardiac anomalies), with…
Palliative Operations for Congenital Heart Disease
Introduction Print Section Listen Alfred Blalock and Helen Taussig ushered in the surgical treatment of congenital heart disease with the introduction in clinical practice of a systemic artery-to-pulmonary artery (PA)…
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Key Concepts Print Section Listen Epidemiology The ductus arteriosus is a normal fetal structure, that arises from the left sixth aortic arch, and connects the proximal left main pulmonary artery…
Pulmonary Atresia with Ventricular Septal Defect and Major Aortopulmonary Collaterals
Key Concepts Print Section Listen Epidemiology Pulmonary atresia (PA) with ventricular septal defect (VSD) and major aortopulmonary collaterals (MAPCAs) is a complex lesion with great morphologic variability that represents approximately…
Aortopulmonary Window
Key Concepts Print Section Listen Epidemiology Aortopulmonary (AP) window is a rare congenital anomaly, representing 0.2 to 0.5 percent of all cases of congenital heart disease. Pathophysiology An abnormal communication…
Cardiopulmonary Bypass in the Pediatric Patient
Print Section Listen The development of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has enabled operative treatment for countless numbers of patients with a multitude of acquired and congenital cardiac and vascular anomalies. The…
