Fistulotomy
1398 Trevisa Barth. de P.R. vii. lix. (1495) 274 Fistula, the fester is a postume that. rootyth wythin.] 1563 T. Gale Antidot. ii. 25 This vnguent. doeth also profyte muche…
Anorectal Fistula Surgery: Sphincter Sparing Operations
Fig. 3.1 Surgical technique for fibrin sealant injection. a The dual lumen catheter is inserted through the external opening towards the internal opening. b The fibrin sealant is injected at the…
Primary Biliary Cholangitis: Its Science and Practice
Fig. 8.1 The development of science and technology greatly improved the practice of primary biliary cholangitis. The scientific achievements based on basic research and clinical investigation have significantly changed the…
The Healthy Biliary Tree: Cellular and Immune Biology
Fig. 2.1 The cholangiocyte glycocalyx forms a biliary surface microclimate pH regulatory system stabilizing the “biliary HCO3 − umbrella.” The 20–40 nm glycocalyx on the apical membrane of a cholangiocyte…
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC): Current Concepts in Biology and Strategies for New Therapy
Fig. 9.1 Phenotypic characteristics. Sclerosing cholangitis represents the development of multifocal stricturing throughout the biliary tree (a). Such changes can be subtle, and the gold standard radiological method of detection…
Drug-Induced Cholestasis: Mechanisms and Importance
Drugs Putative mechanism of DILI Genetic factor associated with susceptibility to DILI Androgenic and anabolic steroids 17-alkyl-substituted steroids are associated with disaggregation and/or detachment of microfilaments from the bile canalicular…
Gallstone Disease: Scientific Understanding and Future Treatment
Fig. 11.1 Pie chart illustrating the contribution of genetic, shared and individual environmental factors to gallstone disease in twins. Structural equation modelling was used to estimate the quantitative effects of…
Pathological Features of Biliary Disease in Children and Adults
Histological feature Examples/comments Bile ducts Bile duct injury e.g. lymphocytic/granulomatous cholangitis in PBC, fibrosing cholangiopathy in PSC Bile duct loss Ductular reaction Mainly at periphery of portal tracts (marginal ductular…
IgG4-Related Sclerosing Cholangitis
Fig. 12.1 Classification of IgG4-SC by cholangiographic features [2] Particular cholangiographic features have been reported as favouring a diagnosis of IgG4-SC, including long strictures, multifocal strictures and mild upstream dilatation…
Cholangiocarcinoma: Disease Pathogenesis and New Treatment Paradigms
Type of genetic aberration Gene iCCA eCCA Copy number alterations MYC MDM2 EGFR KRAS CCND1/CCND3 AKT3 FGFR1/3 Deletions CDKN2A UTY KDM5D Fusion genes FGFR2 6–45% 0% ATP1B 2.5% 0% Mutations…
