The Framework of Basic Science
(1) Functional Urology Unit, Casa Madre Fortunata Toniolo, Bologna, Italy 1.1 What Is Urodynamics? Urodynamics is the study of the function of the lower urinary tract, e.g., bladder and…
Voiding Diary and Pad Testing
(1) Functional Urology Unit, Casa Madre Fortunata Toniolo, Bologna, Italy Voiding diary and pad testing should be part of the initial evaluation of any patient complaining lower urinary tract…
Urodynamic Testing: When and Which
(1) Functional Urology Unit, Casa Madre Fortunata Toniolo, Bologna, Italy 4.1 When Is Urodynamic Testing Indicated? In the last few years, several societies (ICS, AUA, NICE, AUGS, Urinary Incontinence…
Assisted Conception Techniques: Which One to Choose
Type of investigation Area of focus Clinical utility of investigation Urinalysis Urine sample To indicate the presence of an infection Semen analysis Semen volume, sperm concentration, motility, morphology, and sperm…
Treating Erectile Dysfunctions
Fig. 13.1 a, b Anatomy of the penis. © CCF 2003, 2005. Reprinted with permission The International Society of Impotence Research has classified ED broadly into organic and psychogenic ED [9]…
Making a Diagnosis
Fig. 1.1 Diagram representing the appearance of a Prader and b Rochester orchidometers Semen Analysis Semen analysis is the initial and single most important test in male fertility evaluation. Although it…
Klinefelter Syndrome
Karyotype distribution Klinefelter syndrome patients 47XXY 3863 (86.3%) 46XY/47XXY 383 (8.5%) 48XXXY 157 (3.5%) 49XXXXY 66 (1.5%) 48,XXY + trisomy of chromosome 18 5 (0.1%) 47,XXY/48,XXXY 2 (<0.01%) Undetermined 1 (0 < 0.01%) The…
Testosterone and Anabolic Steroid Abuse
Fig. 4.1 Testosterone synthesis Transport Only 2% of testosterone circulates free in the blood while 44% is bound to sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and 54% bound to albumin. Testosterone must…
Interpreting Semen Analysis and Level 2 Sperm Testing
Parameter WHO 2010 lower reference limits (95% CI) WHO manual (1999) cutoff points Semen volume (ml) 1.5 (1.4–1.7) ≥2 ml or more Total sperm number (106 per ejaculate) 39 (33–46) ≥40…
Spinal Cord Injury Related Infertility
Type of injury Ejaculation rate (%) Complete upper motor neuron Incomplete upper motor neuron Complete lower motor neuron Incomplete lower motor neuron 4–11 32 18 70 Disruption of the reflex…
