Healing Process and Complications
Fig. 13.1 Infralevator haematoma A supralevator haematoma, on the contrary, is not visible externally (Fig. 13.2). It can be felt as an insensitive rubbery mass protruding into the vaginal wall…
Principles of Assessment of Childbirth Injury
Fig. 8.1 Schematic of the perineal muscles (With kind permission from Springer Science + Business Media: Thakar and Fenner [12], p. 1–12) Obstetric anal sphincter injury involves the muscles of the anal…
Female Pelvic Anatomy
Fig. 1.1 Superficial perineal compartment (superficial transverse perineal muscles (a), vestibular and Bartholin’s gland after left bulbospongiosus muscle removal (b) (With kind permission from Springer Science + Business Media: Thakar and Fenner…
The Effect of Pregnancy on the Pelvic Floor
Fig. 4.1 (a) POP-Q points after Bump RC et al. [13]. (b) All patients in the nonpregnant group had a POP-Q stage of 0 or 1 (c) 47.6 % of…
Types of Pelvic Floor Injury During Childbirth
Fig. 7.1 Pelvic floor dysfunction in women with or without vaginal delivery (Reprinted from Patel et al. [4], Copyright 2006, with permission from Elsevier) Vaginal delivery increases the incidence of…
Pregnancy, Puerperium and Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Fig. 14.1 Magnetic resonance imaging findings of levator musculator (LM) at the level of the proximal urethra. (a) Control subject, intact LM on both sides. LM subjectively thinner on the…
Childbirth Trauma and Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Complications
Fig. 12.1 EAUS of postpartum EAS lesion On the other hand, many patients with significant defect at ultrasound may be clinically asymptomatic. Afro-Caribbean women have a lower incidence of severe…
Episiotomy
Fig. 6.1 Number of published articles per year (1921–2013) searching for the keyword episiotomy in the PubMed database [8] Definition, Classification, Types of Episiotomy Episiotomy is a surgical enlargement of…
Prediction, Risk Assessment, and Prevention of Childbirth Trauma
Fig. 16.1 Graph of the effect of vaginal parity on the development of urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse (Reprinted from Lavy et al. [129]; with kind permission from Springer…
Childbirth and Lower Urinary Tract Complications
1. Postpartum voiding difficulty and urinary retention (PPUR). Overt urinary retention Covert urinary retention 2. Postpartum urinary incontinence (PPUI). Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) Urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) Mixed urinary incontinence…
