SUMMARY Based on the above, patients with hypertension and renal disease can be divided into several groups: those with true “essential hypertension” that may result in renal disease; those with…
The glomerular capillaries may exhibit several different patterns of involvement. Some tufts appear normal, whereas others appear either segmentally or globally sclerotic. The pattern of global sclerosis may be further…
Although these findings do not eliminate the possibility that hypertension is a primary cause of renal disease, they do suggest that it could account for a smaller number of ESRD…
PROGNOSIS The prognosis is very poor in HRS if treatment is not rapidly provided. Mortality of untreated type I disease, for example, is up to 80% in 2 weeks. Patients…
PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS Patients with HRS often have the typical stigmata of liver disease, which include jaundice, ascites, coagu-lopathies, and occasionally encephalopathy. Effective intraarterial volume depletion causes tachycardia, low-normal blood…
Heart transplantation is the only potential “cure” for a patient with advanced CHF and kidney dysfunction that is thought to be reversible. Differentiating between prerenal state versus renal parenchymal damage…
In the kidneys, these hormones promote avid reabsorption of salt and water throughout the tubule. In addition, they cause an overall shift in perfusion from short-looped (cortical) to long-looped (juxtamedullary)…
In patients with atherosclerotic disease, measures should be taken to limit the progression of plaque formation, including smoking cessation and administration of statins. The indications for renal revascularization are controversial,…
PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS Few, if any, clinical features can distinguish patents with renovascular hypertension from those with essential hypertension. Although some features are suggestive, none is particularly sensitive or specific….
TREATMENT Patients diagnosed with either acute or chronic renal vein thrombosis require anticoagulation treatment. Unfractionated or low molecular weight heparin is appropriate for initial treatment. Although most patients have adequate…
