Clearance and Renal Plasma Flow
Plate 3-2 CLEARANCE AND RENAL PLASMA FLOW CLEARANCE Solutes that cannot be metabolized, such as sodium and potassium, enter the kidneys in arterial blood and then leave in venous blood…
Renal Transplantation: Calcineurin Inhibitor Nephrotoxicity (Histopathologic Findings)
Pyelonephritis may occur secondary to immunosuppression and frequent catheterization. Like acute rejection, it may present as fever and allograft pain. Urine dipstick and culture should be performed to assess for…
Renal Transplantation: Causes of Graft Dysfunction in Immediate Post-Transplant Period
The most probable causes of graft dysfunction depend on the amount of time that has passed since the transplantation. Immediate Postoperative Period. After a live donor transplant, the kidney begins…
Renal Transplantation: Causes of Graft Dysfunction in Early Post-Transplant Period
Finally, urine leak may present similarly to delayed renal function because it causes low urine output and, as a result of urine reabsorption, an elevation in serum creatinine and urea…
Renal Transplantation: Mechanism of Action of Immunosuppressive Medications
The fascia and muscle layers of the obliques and transversus are divided just lateral to the edge of the rectus abdominis sheath. The superficial epigastric artery can be either ligated…
Renal Transplantation: Recipient Operation
Before transplantation, the donor and recipient must be confirmed to have compatible blood types. In addition, precautions must be taken to ensure immune compatibility. Recipient serum must be tested against…
Renal Ablation: Laparoscopic Cryoablation (Retroperitoneal Approach)
TECHNIQUE Laparoscopic Technique. In a laparoscopic ablation, the tumor can be directly visualized, and the ablation process can be monitored in real time. The tumor can be accessed from either…
Renal Ablation: Percutaneous Cryoablation
COMPLICATIONS Both cryoablation and RFA tend to have lower complication rates than OPN/LPN. Nonetheless, they carry a risk of some major complications, including bleeding from the tumor, injured intraabdominal vessels,…
Partial Nephrectomy: Open Partial Nephrectomy (Retroperitoneal [Flank] Approach)
Once visualized, the renal fascia should be mobilized free of its attachments and then opened and dissected. The renal hilum should be carefully identified and exposed. The tumor should be…
Partial Nephrectomy: Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy (Transperitoneal Approach)
Urine leakage can result from inadequate intraoperative closure of a collecting system defect or ureteral obstruction from a blood clot, which increases backflow pressure. A surgical drain should therefore be…
