OTHER FORMS OF URINARY INCONTINENCE

Although not as prevalent as the forms of incontinence described previously, other mechanisms of urinary incontinence may occur. Fistulous communication between the bladder and the vagina or rectum, commonly a result of prior surgery or neoplasm, can result in total incontinence.

Surgical damage to the urinary sphincter may also result in incontinence. Finally, among the pediatric population, incontinence may result from ectopic ureteral insertion or urethral attachments, as well as other urogenital anomalies that affect the development of the external sphincter, such as epispadias.