Fig. 4.1
Barker Vac Pack
Scissors are used to create fenestrations in the 10 × 10 drape to allow for outward egress of fluids. The Steri-Drape is then placed circumferentially under the fascia 2–3 in. from its edge, taking care to cover the abdominal viscera as an interface layer prior to placing overlying laparotomy sponges. The two laparotomy sponges are placed over the drape, taking care to cover the cut edges of skin and subcutaneous tissues to prevent desiccation. Two JP drains with their tips oriented in a caudad direction. A sterile towel is shaped to fit over the entire wound. The abdominal wall should then be cleaned and dried, and an adhesive such as Mastisol or Benzoin is generously applied to the skin surrounding the wound. Following this, an Ioban dressing is placed over the entire abdomen. Care must be taken to ensure a good seal of the Ioban dressing to the skin, particularly, in the problematic contours of the suprapubic and inguinal regions, because an inadequate seal in these areas will result in leaking of intra-abdominal fluid and failure of the vacuum dressing. A “mesentery” is created at the top of the vac pack for each JP drain by “tubulizing” the Ioban drape around each drain as the drape is secured. The JP drains are then placed to 100–125 mm Hg continuous wall suction creating a negative pressure system that serves to minimize fascial retraction and loss of abdominal domain [5]. The obvious advantage of using this method is that it is easy and quick to apply, especially in the damage control setting. The most common complications (see Chap. 8) are fistula formation (5–7 %), intra-abdominal abscesses (4–6 %), and delayed small bowel obstruction (4 %). Mean closure times are between 6–10 days with reported primary fascial closure rates of 70–80 %. One criticism of this method is the lack of consistent measured applied negative pressure which tends to be much less than the set pressure of 100–125 mm Hg.
The Wittmann Patch
The Wittmann Patch (StarSurgical Inc, Burlington, WI) is a simple tool composed of two sheets (40 × 20 cm) of Velcro®-like prosthetic biocompatible material (propylene). The two sheets adhere to each other when pressed together and provide a secure temporary closure of the abdominal wall. The softer “loop” sheet is then sutured to the right-sided fascia with running #1 monofilament nonabsorbable suture. Sutures should be placed 2 cm into the fascia and 2 cm apart and 1–2 cm into the patch to avoid tissue strangulation between bites. Special care should be taken to ensure that the softer “loop” sheet is sutured to the fascia in the proper configuration with its smooth portion facing the intra-abdominal contents and its “fuzzy” portion, containing the loops, facing outwards. The softer loop sheet is then pushed underneath the fascia on the opposite side of the wound (left) taking care to cover the intra-abdominal contents.
The harder “hook” sheet is then similarly sutured to the left fascia, taking care to orient the sheet so that the hooks (scratchy) face inwards. The hooks are gently pressed into the loops of the loop sheet. The hook sheet is then trimmed to fit into the abdominal wound. Access to the abdominal cavity is achieved by simply unfastening the two adhering sheets. Management of the Wittmann Patch requires bedside abdominal washouts every 24–48 h with tightening and trimming of the excess Velcro®-like layers sequentially [8].
The major advantage of this approach is the ability to apply tension to the midline fascia, which prevents lateral retraction of the aponeurotic edges and facilitates definitive delayed primary closure. The Wittmann Patch also allows for easy successive access for packing removal, peritoneal washouts, assessment of bowel viability, tissue debridement, and ultimately abdominal closure. Disadvantages of the Wittmann Patch include poor control of third-space fluid, some damage to the fascial edges where the Wittmann Patch is sutured (which may require debridement), adherence of bowel to the abdominal wall, and potential for fistula formation (Fig. 4.2).
Fig. 4.2
Wittmann Patch application
Wittmann Patch in Conjunction with the Wound VAC
Once the Wittmann Patch is sutured to the fascia, a wet to dry dressing may be applied. It is our preference to apply a KCI Wound VAC above the patch as it controls fluid and maintains subcutaneous and skin approximation closer to the midline.
Wittmann Patch in Conjunction with the Wound VAC and Sutures
In addition to the method outlined above, some surgeons add skin sutures over the wound vac. We discourage this practice as it may cause unnecessary trauma to the skin edges that may affect final closure. However, as edema diminishes, it is sometimes considered as it ultimately allows for better reapproximation (Figs. 4.3 and 4.4) [7–9].
Fig. 4.3
Wittmann Patch in conjunction with Wound VAC
Fig. 4.4
a Wittmann Patch tightening at patient’s bedside. b Same patient after skin closure after achievement of primary fascial closure
Absorbable Mesh
Absorbable mesh has been used in the management of the open abdomen for the last 25 years. Synthetic absorbable meshes such as polyglactin (Vicryl; Ethicon, Somerville, NJ) and polyglycolic acid (Dexon; Covidien, Mansfield, MA) are the meshes most frequently used (Fig. 4.5). This is a viable option in the abdomens that cannot be closed. This method should be employed when abdominal re-exploration is unlikely to be required. However, if re-exploration becomes necessary, the mesh can be incised in its mid-portion and re-approximated with suture.
Fig. 4.5
Vicryl mesh application
Generally, the mesh is loosely applied over the abdominal contents and secured to the fascia with either interrupted or continuous suture. The mesh can also be doubled back upon itself prior to suturing it to the fascia for increased strength. The bowel and intra-abdominal contents should be within the abdominal cavity, beneath the absorbable mesh. A Vac Pack or KCI Wound VAC can then be placed over the mesh or alternatively the mesh can be covered with a wet to dry dressing changed every 6 h. In our opinion, it is strongly advisable to place a layer of nonadherent dressings in between the vac sponge and the absorbable mesh in order to reduce the risk of fistulization [5].
If bowel edema resolves within 3–5 days, the mesh can be progressively pleated by the bedside and delayed fascial closure may be possible. If there is persistent bowel edema, the absorbable mesh can either be left in place to granulate typically taking 2–3 weeks after placement, as long as sufficient granulation tissue on the bowel has formed and fixation of the abdominal viscera has taken place. Alternatively, the mesh can be completely removed after 5 days and the wound can be managed with a skin graft directly on the viscera. One of us prefers this latter approach. In either case, a planned ventral hernia is then created by either placing the split-thickness skin graft over the granulation tissue or performing a full thickness skin closure over the granulated viscera (Fig. 4.6). A delayed abdominal wall reconstruction can then be performed 6–12 months later [6].
Fig. 4.6
a Vicryl mesh in situ at the time of reexploration. b Immediately after split-thickness skin graft application. c 5 months after split-thickness skin graft application