Symptoms
Think/Main causes
Causes not to be missed
Regurgitation with pain
Gastro-oesophageal reflux
– Volvulus
Oesophagitis
– Intussusception
Allergy to cow’s milk proteins
– Inguinal hernia
– Missed diaphragmatic hernia
Vomiting
Acute gastroenteritis
– Abdominal surgical causes
Ketosis
– Neurosurgical causes
Food allergy
– Meningitis
Other infections
– Other medical NS causes: angiocholitis, pancreatitis
Abdominal pain with fever
Acute gastroenteritis
– Abdominal surgical causes: peritonitis, abscess, tumour
Urinary tract infection
Hepatitis
– Gastrointestinal NS causes: angiocholitis, pancreatitis
Other infections
Abdominal pain without fever
Infantile colic
– Intussusception, volvulus, appendicitis, intestinal obstruction
Ketosis
– Testicular/ovarian torsion
Constipation/Functional pain
– Intra-abdominal mass
Food intolerance
– Trauma
Acute cystitis
– Diabetes mellitus
Lymphadenitis
Henoch–Schönlein purpura
Lumbar pain
Acute pyelonephritis
– Urinary lithiasis
– Hydronephrosis
– Trauma
Abdominal mass
Think acute urinary retention
– Nephroblastoma, neuroblastoma, lymphoma
– Hepatic or peri-hepatic tumour, splenomegaly
Jaundice
Hepatitis
– Angiocholitis
Haematemesis
Mallory–Weiss syndrome
– Gastric or duodenal ulcer
Epistaxis
– Oesophageal varices
Blood in stool
Anal fissure
– Intussusception
– Meckel’s diverticulosis
– Complicated Henoch–Schönlein purpura
Invasive gastroenteritis
– Haemolytic uremic syndrome
Secondary to medications
– IBD
Haematuria
Acute cystitis
– Renal lithiasis
– Vesical tumor
Renal lithiasis
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