Figure 1.1  OROPHARYNX

Normal pharynx as viewed with an endoscope, demonstrating the junction of the hard and soft palate, uvula, and posterior pharynx.

Figure 1.2  LANDMARKS OF THE OROPHARYNX AND HYPOPHARYNX

With the endoscope advanced under direct vision, the inferior portion of the uvula is seen at the base of the tongue. Notice that the image is inverted (top left). With further advancement, the superior portion of the epiglottis is identified (top right). Advancement anteriorly ends at the attachment of the epiglottis, termed the valleculae (bottom left). To enter the hypopharynx, the endoscope is advanced posteriorly behind the epiglottis into the hypopharynx (bottom right). The epiglottis appears to form a roof over the hypopharynx. The vocal cords are surrounded by the aryepiglottic folds anteriorly. In this position, the piriform recesses or sinuses are on the lateral side of the aryepiglottic folds. The cricopharyngeus and entrance to the esophagus are in the midline posteriorly.

Figure 1.3  DIRECTION TO CRICOPHARYNGEUS

The endoscope is passed over the tongue and uvula (upper left). Once past the uvula, the epiglottis and hypopharynx are seen in the distance. A nasogastric feeding tube is now present (upper right). The arytenoids are now visible with the feeding tube seen posterior in the midline (bottom left). The arytenoids are open and the vocal cords visible. Again, the feeding tube is posterior in the midline showing the location of the cricopharyngeus (bottom right).

Figure 1.4  VOCAL CORDS

Normal vocal cords and surrounding structures as seen from the arytenoids.

Figure 1.5  HYPOPHARYNX

A, Normal-appearing hypopharynx as seen on high-definition endoscopy. B, Narrow band imaging of the hypopharynx.

Figure 1.6  HYPOPHARYNX WITH ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE

Note the anatomy of the hypopharynx with endotracheal intubation.

Figure 1.7  PATENT UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER

After endoscope removal, the upper esophageal sphincter remained patulous. Note its location relative to the cricopharyngeus, confirming the posterior location of the upper esophageal sphincter. Also note the erythema of the hypopharynx and arytenoids.

Figure 1.8  TRACHEA AND CARINA

View of the (A) trachea and (B) carina at endoscopy. Note the ringlike architecture of the trachea.

Figure 1.9  BARIUM STUDY OF HYPOPHARYNX AND ESOPHAGUS

A, Anteroposterior view demonstrates the base of the tongue, valleculae, piriform sinuses, and ridge at the base of the epiglottis.

B, Lateral view demonstrates the valleculae; hypopharynx; piriform sinus; cricopharyngeus, with some contrast seen in the esophagus; and hyoid bone.

Figure 1.10  TORUS PALATINUS

A, This large, masslike abnormality on the hard palate is an exaggeration of a normal structure, resulting from a bony exostosis of the midline palatal suture. B, Nodular structure on the distal hard palate.

Figure 1.11  APHTHOUS ULCER

Figure 1.12  HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)-ASSOCIATED APHTHOUS ULCER

A, This large ulcer extends from the uvula to the soft palate. These lesions are frequent in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and may occur on the tongue or buccal mucosa or in the hypopharynx. They may become large, simulating an infectious or neoplastic process. B, Deep ulcer on the lateral aspect of the tongue. Note in the distance a well-circumscribed, similarappearing ulcer is present on the hard palate. C, Well-circumscribed, clean-based ulcer on the tongue. D, Multiple ulcerations on the lower lip. This patient with severe odynophagia also had a large idiopathic esophageal ulceration.