Stones in abnormal situations present a management conundrum to the urologist. Many of these situations are relatively rare and literature is scanty on the appropriate management. We review the current literature on the management of stones in the setting of pregnancy, calyceal diverticulum, urinary diversions, pelvic kidneys, transplant kidneys, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, horseshoe kidneys, and other renal anomalies. The aims of treatment are complete stone-free status. The modality of treatment should be individualized to the size and location of stone and type of abnormal situation confronted.
Key points
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The management of urinary calculi in abnormal situations continues to pose challenges to urologists. Abnormal situations include pregnancy, aberrant anatomy, kidney transplants, calyceal diverticuli, urinary diversions and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.
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A combination of aberrant anatomy, urinary tract infections, and metabolic changes predispose these patients to an increased incidence of stone formation.
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Metabolic evaluation and medical therapy are arguably more important in these patients, as metabolic abnormalities can be rather common.