Epidemiology, Pathology, Aetiological Factors, Prevention, Screening, Symptoms, and Signs

Epidemiology

430,000 new cases in the world in 2012: 330,000 men and 100,000 women

Approximately 75 % of newly diagnosed UBTs are noninvasive

Majority of patients ≥60 years at presentation

Younger patients ≤40 years have generally a low-grade disease and a relatively good prognosis

Pathology

TCC found in 90 %, then squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma

Aetiological factors

Smoking accounts for 50 % of cases

Occupational exposure (to aromatic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and chlorinated hydrocarbons contained in dyes, paint, and petroleum products)

Medical conditions and drugs (schistosomiasis, recurrent UTI, long-term indwelling catheter, cyclophosphamide, EBRT, etc.)

Possible genetic susceptibility, dietary factors, environmental pollution, etc.

Symptoms

Haematuria is found in approximately ¾ of cases of BC. Conversely BC will be diagnosed in 10 % of patients aged <50 years and in 34.5 % of those aged >50 years presenting with gross haematuria

Bladder irritation syndrome is especially associated with CIS

References

Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D Bray, F. GLOBOCAN 2012. v1.0, cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: IARC Cancer Base no. 11 [Internet]. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2013. Available from: http://globocan.iarc.fr

Ferlay J, Steliarova-Foucher E, Lortet-Tieulent J, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in Europe: estimates for 40 countries in 2012. Eur J Cancer. 2013;49:1374–403.CrossRefPubMed

American Cancer Society. Cancer facts and figures 2014. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2014. p. p. 22.

Brown ML, Riley GF, Schussler N, et al. Estimating health care costs related to cancer treatment from SEER-Medicare data. Med Care. 2002;40:IV-104–17.CrossRef

Gupta P, Jain M, Kapoor R, Muruganandham K, Srivastava A, Mandhani A. Impact of age and gender on the clinicopathological characteristics of bladder cancer. Indian J Urol. 2009;25(2):207–10.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012;62:10–29.CrossRefPubMed

Yossepowitch O, Dalbagni G. Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in young adults: presentation, natural history and outcome. J Urol. 2002;168(1):61–6.CrossRefPubMed

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