Kienle P, Weitz J, Koch M, Brenner A, Herfath C, Schmidt J (2003) Biofeedback versus electrostimulation in treatment of anal sphincter insufficiency. Dig Dis Sci 48:1607–1613PubMedCrossRef

Hosker G, Cody JD, Norton CC (2007) Electrical stimulation for faecal incontinence in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1). doi:10.​1002/​14651858.​CD001310.​pub2

Boselli AS, Pinna F, Cecchini S, Costi R, Marchesi F, Violi V, Sarli L, Roncoroni L (2010) Biofeedback therapy plus anal electrostimulation for fecal incontinence: prognostic factors and effects on anorectal physiology. World J Surg 34:815–821PubMedCrossRef

Norton C, Cody JD (2012) Biofeedback and/or sphincter exercises for the treatment of faecal incontinence in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (7). doi:10.​1002/​14651858.​CD002111.​pub3

Schwandner T, Hemmelmann C, Heimert T, Kierer W, Kolbert G, Vonthein R, Weinel R, Hirschburger M, Ziegler A, Padberg W (2011) Triple-target treatment versus low-frequency electrostimulation for anal incontinence: a randomized, controlled trial. Dtsch Arztebl Int 108:653–660PubMedPubMedCentral

Pucciani F, Iozzi L, Masi A, Cianchi F, Cortesini C (2003) Multimodal rehabilitation of faecal incontinence: experience of an Italian centre devoted to faecal disorder rehabilitation. Tech Coloproctol 7:139–147PubMedCrossRef

Vonthein R, Heimerl T, Schwandner T, Ziegler A (2013) Electrical stimulation and biofeedback for the treatment of fecal incontinence: a systematic review. Int J Colorectal Dis 28:1567–1577PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral

Chiarioni G, Chistolini F, Menegotti M, Salandini L, Vantini I, Morelli A, Bassotti G (2004) One-year follow-up study on the effects of electrogalvanic stimulation in chronic idiopathic constipation with pelvic floor dyssynergia. Dis Colon Rectum 47:346–353PubMedCrossRef

Nicastro A, Stella LP, Nicolai AP (2006) Constipation. Proposal for a new classification and therapy. Chir Ital 58:203–212PubMed

Engel BT, Nikoomanesh P, Schuster MM (1974) Operant conditioning of rectosphincteric response in the treatment of fecal incontinence. N Engl J Med 190:646–649CrossRef

Marcello PW, Barrett RC, Coller JA, Schoetz DJ Jr, Roberts PL, Murray JJ, Rusin LC (1998) Fatigue rate index as a new measurement of external sphincter function. Dis Colon Rectum 41:336–343PubMedCrossRef