Division of the Upper and Lower Rectum
Division of the rectosigmoid junction and mesorectum are performed during sigmoid and low anterior resections. This section concentrates on the rectal division; for complete procedural details, see Chapters 15 and 20.
KEY STEPS
1. Inferior mesenteric pedicle defined and divided, protecting ureter and presacral autonomic nerves.
2. Retroperitoneal mobilization of the descending colon mesentery.
3. Division of lateral attachments of the sigmoid and descending colon to splenic flexure, and flexure mobilization as required.
For division of the rectosigmoid junction:
1. Mobilization of the rectosigmoid junction and the area for transection is chosen.
2. Transection of the upper rectum and mesorectum.
3. Exteriorization and resection of the sigmoid colon through the left lower quadrant incision.
For division of the low rectum:
1. Rectum mobilized to the anal canal and divided, after ensuring adequate distal margin.
2. Specimen extracted through keyhole incision at ileostomy site, using a wound protector, for extracorporeal resection and stapled coloanal anastomosis.
3. Formation of right iliac fossa trephine loop ileostomy.
ADDITIONAL ADVICE
1. Be careful to divide at the rectosigmoid junction or the chosen transection point with stapler cartridges carefully placed perpendicularly to the axis of the bowel.
2. When placed across the sacral promontory and into the pelvis, the proximal colon—with stapler anvil in situ—should lie easily in the pelvis while the patient is in Trendelenburg position, demonstrating a likely tension-free anastomosis.
3. For low rectal division, dissection is completed within the anal canal, after seeing the levators curve down into the anal canal, and after confirming an adequate distal margin by digital rectal examination, or endoscopy.
4. Division at the anorectal junction can often be completed with one 45-mm stapler cartridge; however, a second cartridge may be required to divide a final 5 to 10 mm of rectum. It is important to apply the second cartridge precisely such that the completed distal staple line looks like a single transverse staple line.