Fig. 3.1
Endoscopic appearance of the splenic flexure . Note the shadow of the spleen
Fig. 3.2
Typical triangular appearance of the transverse colon as seen during colonoscope insertion
Fig. 3.3
The hepatic flexure colon . Note the typical blueish shadow of the liver
Fig. 3.4
Looking down the ascending colon with the ileocecal valve in the distance
Fig. 3.5
Appearance of the ileocecal valve with the caput of the cecum beyond
Fig. 3.6
Appearance of a “fool’s cecum.” The colonoscopist should be wary of relying only on pattern recognition of a thickened mucosal fold as evidence of reaching the ileocecal valve as a bend near the hepatic flexure colon can mimic the appearance of the valve
Fig. 3.7
Appearance of the ileocecal valve en face with bubbling bile coming up through the valve
Fig. 3.8
Retroflexion in the cecum visualizing the ileocecal valve
Fig. 3.9
The cecal strap is the endo-luminal appearance of the confluence of the tenia in the caput of the cecum. Note the appearance and location of the appendiceal orifice
Fig. 3.10
Typical appearance of healthy terminal ileum mucosa . Note the granular, fine, villous appearance of the mucosa
Fig. 3.11
Retroflexion in the rectum observing internal hemorrhoids
Fig. 3.12
Extrinsic compression of the rectosigmoid by a large uterine mass
Fig. 3.13
Appendiceal mucocele with bulging of the area of the appendix. Note the slit of the appendiceal orifice
Fig. 3.14
The typical appearance of a patient with familial adenomatous polyposis with innumerable polyps
Fig. 3.15
Pedunculated polyp in the ascending colon. For localization purposes, note the ileocecal valve in the distance
Fig. 3.16
Melanosis of the colon. The pigmentation manifests as a variety of dark colored mucosal patterns
Fig. 3.17
Severe chronic inflammatory bowel disease with “bear claws” in areas of mucosal inflammation
Fig. 3.18
Ulcerative colitis . Photo courtesy of David E. Rivadeneira, M.D.
Fig. 3.19
Typical appearance of sigmoid colon diverticulosis
Fig. 3.20
Small sessile polyp
Fig. 3.21
Small pedunculated polyp
Fig. 3.22
Large pedunculated polyp
Fig. 3.23
Retroflexion in the rectum reveals a small neoplasm
Fig. 3.24
Retroflexion in the right colon reveals the proximal extent of a tumor laying over a fold
Related posts:
Alternative Colorectal Imaging
Basic Colonoscopic Interventions: Cold, Hot Biopsy Techniques, Submucosal Injection, Clip Application, Snare Biopsy
Advanced Endoscopic Imaging: Polyps and Dysplasia Detection
Current Endoluminal Approaches: Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery, Transanal Minimally Invasive Surgery and Transanal Total Mesorectal Excision
Future Endoscopic Tools and Platforms for Endoluminal Surgery
Anatomic Basis of Colonoscopy
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