Authors

Number of participants (n)

Study design

Relapse rate

Significant predictors of relapse

Predictors evaluated but not found to be significant

Recapture rate

CD

Brooks et al. [52]

86

Prospective observational

4.7% (3 months)

Ileocolonic disease

Age, gender, disease behavior, previous surgical resection, immunosuppression at start of anti-TNF-α treatment, disease duration, dose escalation of anti-TNF-α agent, concomitant IMM, raised CRP

93%

18.6% (6 months)

Previous anti-TNF-α treatment

(88% concomitant IMM)

36% (1 year)

Raised fecal calprotectin

Domenech et al. [42]

23

Prospective observational (69% with concomitant IMM)

31% (1 year)

Perianal disease

Gender, smoking status, previous treatment with IFX, concomitant IMM, location, development of infusion acute reactions

–

66% (1 year) for perianal disease

Louis et al. (STORI) [41]

115

Prospective observational (100% with concomitant IMM)

43.9% (1 year)

Male, absence of surgical resection, elevated leucocyte count >6.0 × 10⁹/L, hemoglobin ≤ 145 g/L

Age, smoking status, location, previous resection, disease duration, treatment duration

88%

15% (1 year) for those with ≤2 predictors of relapse

C-reactive protein ≥5.0 mg/L

Fecal calprotectin ≥ 300 μg/g

Reenaers et al. (long-term follow-up of STORI trial) [77]

102/115 (long-term outcome)

Prospective observational (100% with concomitant IMM)

85% (median 8 years)

Upper GI involvement

Not reported (only abstract is available)

40%

Elevated leucocyte count > 6.0 × 10⁹/L

Molnar et al. [43]

121

Prospective observational

45% (1 year)

Previous biologic therapy

Gender, concurrent steroid use at biologic initiation, high CRP, smoking status

50%

(85% with concomitant IMM)

Dose intensification of biologic therapy

Annunziata et al. [78]

16

Retrospective

62.5% (5 years)

Absence of normalized intestinal wall thickness

–

–

(% on IMM not available)

Ampuero et al. [44]

75

Retrospective

30.9% (1 year)

CRP > 5 mg/L

Gender, smoking status, location, duration of treatment

100%

(100% concomitant IMM)

Younger age at diagnosis

Molnar et al. [53]

50

Retrospective

56% (1 year)

Fistula

Location of disease

–

Smoking status

(86% concomitant IMM)

Papamichael et al. [66]

100

Retrospective (84% with concomitant IMM)

48% (10 years)

Age at diagnosis <25 (multivariate analysis)

Disease location, behavior (perianal), fistulizing disease, type of infliximab therapy (episodic or scheduled), number of infliximab infusions, CRP, previous ileocolonic resection, smoking at initiation of infliximab, IMM or type of IMM after infliximab cessation, positive ATIs during infliximab therapy or at the time of infliximab cessation

–

Ramos et al. [79]

25

Retrospective

16% (1.6 ± 1 year)

Not reported

Not reported

–

(% of IMM not reported)

Waugh et al. [54]

48

Retrospective

50% (1.3 year)

Nil identified

Age, gender, disease location, duration from diagnosis to the start of infliximab therapy, concomitant IMM, number of infliximab doses

–

(67% concomitant IMM)

35% remained well with no relapse at 7 years follow-up

UC

Farkas et al. [80]

51

Prospective observational

35% (0.3 year)

Previous biological therapy

Gender, smoking status, appendicectomy, disease extent, extraintestinal manifestation, concomitant IMM, previous surgery, dose intensification

94%

(100% concomitant IMM)

Munoz Villafranca et al. [81]

19

Prospective observational

25% (1–2 years)

Not reported

Not reported

–

(57.8% with concomitant IMM)

Fiorino et al. [82]

193

Retrospective

47.7% (median follow-up of 2 years)

Infliximab discontinuation

Age, disease extension, disease severity, previous therapies, smoking status

77%

(65.3% with concomitant IMM)

Absence of concomitant thiopurines

CD/UC

Bortlik et al. [83]

CD: 61

UC: 17

Prospective observational (77% of CD and 59% of UC with concomitant IMM)

CD: 18% (0.5 year), 41% (1 year), 49% (2 years)

Non-colonic location for CD, previous anti-TNF-α treatment, previous surgery

Type of anti-TNF-α agent, smoking status, disease behavior, corticosteroid therapy within 1 year before biologics withdrawal, concomitant IMM, CRP level, fecal calprotectin, anti-TNF-α trough levels at the time of anti-TNF-α withdrawal

82%

UC: 23% (0.6 year), 23% (1 year), 36% (2 years)

Dai et al. [49]

CD: 109

Prospective observational

CD: 21% (1 year)

Nil

Clinical remission, mucosal healing, gender, disease duration, smoking status, history of appendicectomy, location, behavior, extraintestinal manifestations, previous surgery, previous biological therapy, CRP level, effect of induction therapy

CD: 78.3%

UC: 107

(31% concomitant IMM)

UC: 14% (1 year)

UC: 66.7%

Hlavaty et al. [84]

CD:17

Prospective observational

Cohorts with deep remission, 18% (0.5 year), 27% (1 year)

Male

Type of IBD, age, disease duration, CD location, behavior, smoking status, previous surgery, type and duration of anti-TNF-α agent, concomitant azathioprine, fecal calprotectin, CRP, hemoglobin

100%

(36% with concomitant IMM for cohorts in clinical remission)

(64% with concomitant IMM for cohorts in deep remission)

UC: 5

Cohorts with clinical remission, 18% (0.5 year), 27% (1 year)

Molander et al. [67]

CD,17; UC, 30

Prospective observational (83% with concomitant IMM)

CD: 29% (1.1 year)

Nil identified

Age, gender, duration of disease, location, disease activity at discontinuation

100% (CD)

IBDU: 5

UC: 35% (1.1 year)

90% (UC)

Armuzzi et al. [55]

CD: 65

Retrospective (% of with concomitant IMM not reported)

Retrospective (71% with concomitant IMM)

CD: 49% [median 1.1(0.3–6.2) years]

Absence of mucosal healing

Not reported

–

UC: 31

UC: 41% [median 1.3(0.3–2.5) years]

High CRP

Casanova et al. [60]

CD: 717

UC: 338

24% (1 year)

Adalimumab (rather than infliximab)

Not available

75%

38% (2 years)

46% (3 years)

Elective discontinuation of anti-TNF-α therapy

56% (5 years)

Discontinuation of anti-TNF-α due to adverse events

Younger age at discontinuation

No maintenance IMM

Caviglia et al. [85]

CD: 29

Retrospective

CD: 69% [median 1.3 (0.4–2.5) years]

Not reported

Not reported

–

(100% CD and 33% UC with concomitant IMM)

UC: 9

UC: 56% [median 0.5 (0.3–1.3) years]

Ciria et al. [86]

CD:24

Retrospective (% of concomitant IMM not reported)

35% (median follow-up 1.7 years)

Absence of mucosal healing

Type of IBD

–

UC: 10

Farkas et al. [87]

CD:41

Retrospective (85% CD and 73% UC with concomitant IMM)

CD: 78% (0.4 year)

Nil identified

Clinical remission

81% (CD)

UC:22

UC: 59% (0.6 years)

Mucosal healing

54% (UC)

Luppino et al. [88]

CD: 21

UC: 10

Retrospective (100% with concomitant IMM)

42% (median time to relapse 1.5 years)

Longer disease duration

Not available

80%

Marino et al. [89]

CD: 8

UC: 2

Retrospective (20% with concomitant IMM)

CD: 75% (mean 1.2 (SD ± 0.7) years]

Not available

Not available

100%

UC: 0% (mean 1.7 years)

Steenholdt et al. [57]

CD: 53

UC: 28

Retrospective 86% concomitant IMM (CD and UC)

CD: 39% (1 year), 88% (10 years)

CD: longer disease duration

Not available

96% (CD)

UC: 25% (1 year), 60% (4.5 years)

71% (UC)

Gisbert et al. [40]

27 studies

Systematic review, Meta-analysis

CD: 38% (0.5 year), 40% (1 year), 49% (>2.1 years)

Younger age

–

80%

Smoking status

Longer disease duration

UC: 28% (1 year)

Fistulizing perianal CD

Low hemoglobin

High C-reactive protein

High fecal calprotectin

Absence of mucosal healing

Kennedy et al. [45]

146 CD, 20 UC; 11 cohort totaling 746 patients (meta-analysis)

Retrospective observational

Observational

CD: younger age at diagnosis (<22 years old)

Elevated white cell count > 5.25 × 10⁹/L

Elevated fecal calprotectin (> 50μg/g)

Continued immunomodulator

88% (CD)

CD: 36% (1 year)

Mucosal healing

76% (UC/IBDU)

56% (2 year)

UC/IBDU: 42% (1 year)

UC: no predictive factor identified

47% (2 years)

Meta-analysis

CD: 39% (1 year)

Systematic review, Meta-analysis

UC/IBDU: 35% (1 year)

Torres et al. [12]

37 studies

Systematic review

50% (CD/UC), 2 years

Markers of active disease

–

54.7–100% (CD)

Poor prognostic factors including complicated or relapsing disease course

67–100% (UC)