The intestinal immune system is intimately connected with the vast diversity of microbes present within the gut and the diversity of food components that are consumed daily. The discovery of novel molecular mechanisms, which mediate host-microbe-nutrient communication, have highlighted the important roles played by microbes and dietary factors in influencing mucosal immune responses. Dendritic cells, epithelial cells, innate lymphoid cells, T regulatory cells, effector lymphocytes, natural killer T cells, and B cells can all be influenced by the microbiome. Many of the mechanisms being described are bacterial strain or metabolite specific.
Key points
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Highly sophisticated cellular and molecular networks need to be constantly coordinated in order to tolerate the presence of many diverse bacteria on mucosal surfaces.
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Different types of bacteria induce different immune responses, and these effects are strain specific.
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Bacterial metabolism of dietary factors generates metabolites, which have significant effects on host immune responses.
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More accurate endotyping of patients with inflammatory disorders may be assisted by determining the composition and metabolic activity of an individual’s microbiome.
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Novel therapeutics directly targeting microbiome activities may be considered as complementary to existing drugs for treatment of inflammatory disorders.
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