The epidermis has great capacity for regeneration because its nutrition comes via diffusion from the underlying vascular planes. Arterial vessels form a subdermal plexus from which some branches leave to enter the subcutaneous tissue. In the subdermal plexus, arteriovenous anastomoses exist; some of these are glomus under the control of the autonomous nervous system.

The area least irrigated is the midline of the abdomen as the plexus comes from the back to the front area. The innervation is performed on all layers of the skin (organosensorial), and subdermal lymphatics are anastomosed at all levels, so a free exchange is produced between regions.

This consists of areolar tissue and/or unilocular white adipose tissue (white fat) in proportion to and in variable arrangement by region, according to the constitution of the individual and the subject’s nutritional status and according to factors of hereditary.

The mobilization and deposition of lipids are influenced by nerve factors (noradrenaline, which activates the lipase) and hormonal factors (insulin, thyroid hormones, glucocorticoids, and pituitary hormones).

In the subcutaneous tissue, the blood vessels are the vessels from perforating cutaneous branches of the direct and subdermal plexus. The nerves are perforating branches coming from the intercostal and first lumbar nerves.

This is comprised of three muscle groups [1–3]:

Transverse and oblique muscles go forward internally and externally forming the rectus sheath and the white line. Transversal fascia forms the semilunar line under the umbilicus, where the posterior fascia makes the anterior rectus sheath [4].

Irrigation of these muscles depends on the epigastric vessels, which come up from the external iliac vessels to get to the internal mammary artery and vein, in the thorax. Epigastric vessels are included in the rectus muscle inside the sheath [5].

This is located between the inner surface of the abdominal wall, covered by its fascia, and the parietal peritoneum. It contains vessels, nerves, organs, and extraperitoneal adipose tissue, in a variable arrangement according to regions and subjects.

We can identify the following regions or extraperitoneal spaces [6, 7]:

The definitive parietal peritoneum cavity limits are closed except at the level of the fallopian tubes in women. This contains intraperitoneal organs and is divided into areas and regions that are useful in surgical exploration and intraperitoneal pathways and structures ideal for transperitoneal/extraperitoneal approach. If we examine the abdomen through the sagittal front, we observe that the abdominal cavity is much vertically higher than its outer limits, contains the peritoneal cavity, and extends from the diaphragm to the thoracic abdominal pelvic diaphragm principal.

In dissections performed by the authors, bands were found of different origins and terminations which overlap one another and have attached fascia that cover their superficial areas and deep areas. The origin of each band is in the outer and lower edge of the seven last ribs. While there may be variations, especially in the form of termination, the authors could distinguish two costoiliac bands which are by the insertion of the aponeurosis inguinal ligament and the anterior wall of the inguinoabdominal region; the rib-pubic band of the 9th rib (the pillars of the superficial inguinal ring); the band of the 8th rib ending in the upper half umbilicus-pubic line; the band of the 7th rib (which ends in the middle xifo-umbilical bottom line); and the bands of the 5th and 6th ribs, terminating in the upper half xifo-umbilical line [2, 8].

The external oblique bands are distinguished as follows:

Above and out of the upper branch of the semilunar line or Spiegel, the transversus abdominis muscle is limited so that the cleavage zone located in the backsheet of the rectal sheath has a lesser extent than in the previous sheet found. This is featured in classic anatomy texts, but is known to surgeons who perform laparotomies in this region: one sector consists of muscle, aponeurotic place, the section of the backsheet rectal sheath. The authors call this cleavage plane of the sheet rectal sheath back [4, 6].

The surgical space called the Fruchaud triangle is an opening of the lower abdominal wall, bounded by the conjoint tendon, the iliopubiana branch, the rectus abdominis, and the iliopsoas. This triangle is divided by the inguinal ligament into two topographical regions: inguinoabdominal and inguinocrural.