References
Operation
Study design
Sample size
No. of leaks
Definition
Test
Timing
Ambrosetti et al. [71]
CR
Cohort
199
5 (3)
No
WS contrast
Routinely on day 9–11
Biondo et al. [72]
CR
Cohort
63
3 (5)
No
Unspecified contrast
When suspected
Bokey et al. [73]
C/CR
Cohort
1846
79 (4)
Yes
WS contrast, abdominal reoperation
When suspected
Bouillot et al. [74]
C
Cohort
50
1 (2)
No
Unspecified radiography
Unclear
Burke et al. [75]
CR
RCT
186
7 (4)
Yes
WS contrast
Routinely on day 7 in first half of study, then changed to when leak suspected
Cornwell et al. [76]
C
Cohort
56
3 (5)
Yes
Surgical re-exploration, CT, or WS contrast
Variable
De Wever et al. [77]
CR
Cohort
16
5 (31)
No
Endoscopy and unspecified radiological test
3–4 months
Debus et al. [78]
CR
Cohort
77
6 (8)
No
Barium contrast
When suspected
Deen and Smart [79]
C
Cohort
53
2 (4)
Yes
Unspecified radiography
When suspected
Dehni et al. [80]
CR
Cohort
258
31 (12)
Yes
WS contrast, imaging, or reoperation
Routine contrast study 8–10 weeks before stoma
Docherty et al. [81]
CR
RCT
652
38 (6)
Yes
WS contrast, reoperation
Routine on day 4–14
Fingerhut et al. [82]
CR
RCT
159
10 (6)
Yes
WS contrast, sinography
Routine contrast study on day 7
Fingerhut et al. [83]
CR
RCT
113
17 (15)
Yes
WS contrast, sinography, reoperation
Routine contrast study on day 7
Hallbook et al. [84]
CR
RCT
97
9 (9)
Yes
Digital and endoscopic examination, contrast, reoperation, CT closure
Routine contrast study before stoma closure
Hansen et al. [85]
CR
Cohort
615
9 (1)
Yes
Unspecified radiography
When suspected
Hida et al. [86]
CR
RCT
43
2 (5)
No
WS contrast
Routinely at 2 months
Iversen et al. [87]
CR
Cohort
161
17 (11)
No
WS contrast
When suspected
Junger et al. [88]
Yes
LPS concentration
LPS level assessed daily
Karanjia et al. [89]
CR
Cohort
219
38 (17)
Yes
WS contrast
When suspected
Kessler et al. [90]
CR
MRCT
621
88 (14)
Yes
Unspecified radiological tests, methylene blue test
When suspected
Kockerling et al. [91]
CR
MRCT
949
46 (5)
No
Unspecified
Unspecified
Kracht et al. [92]
C
MRCT
440
31 (7)
Yes
WS contrast, reoperation
Routine contrast on day 8–10
Mann et al. [93]
CR
Cohort
370
11 (3)
Yes
WS contrast
When suspected
Merad et al. [94]
CR
RCT
705
53 (8)
Yes
WS contrast, reoperation
Routine contrast on day 8
Merad et al. [95]
CR
RCT
494
32 (6)
Yes
WS contrast, reoperation
Routine contrast on day 7
CR
Cohort
103
6 (6)
Yes
WS contrast
Routine contrast on day 10
Moore et al. [98]
CR
Cohort
300
34 (11)
No
Unspecified radiological examination, reoperation (clinically significant)
Routine before stoma closure
Norris et al. [99]
L
Cohort
156
6 (4)
No
Unspecified imaging or reoperation
When suspected
Pakkastie et al. [100]
CR
RCT
38
15 (39)
Yes
WS contrast
Routine contrast on day 7–10
Petersen et al. [101]
CR
Cohort
467
41 (9)
Yes
WS contrast
When suspected
Redmond et al. [102]
CR
Cohort
111
13 (12)
Yes
WS contrast
Routine contrast on day 10–12
Sagar et al. [103]
CR
RCT
100
12 (12)
Yes
WS contrast
Routine contrast on day 5–7
Santos et al. [104]
CR
RCT
149
11 (7)
Yes
Unspecified radiological examination
When suspected
Slim et al. [105]
Lap. CR
Cohort
65
6 (9)
Yes
WS contrast, reoperation for peritonitis
When suspected
Stewart et al. [106]
CR
RCT
88
1 (1)
Yes
Unspecified
Unspecified
Tagart [107]
CR
Cohort
220
79 (36)
No
Limited barium contrast
Routine contrast on day 14
Thompson et al. [108]
CR
Cohort
535
18 (3)
No
None
Unspecified (not done routinely)
Watson et al. [109]
C/CR
Cohort
477
9 (2)
No
WS contrast
When suspected
Wheeler and Gilbert [110]
CR
Cohort
102
7 (7)
No
WS contrast
Routine contrast on day 8
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