In this chapter, we provide examples of the different types of sliding and paraesophageal hiatal hernias (Figures 20.1–20.6). Although most of these conditions remain asymptomatic and are noted incidentally, it is important to recognize the type of hernia and be able to distinguish these as this may determine the need for intervention and/or surgery.

Foreign body ingestion remains a frequently encountered emergency (Figure 20.7). There are innumerable examples of objects that have been retrieved from the human stomach. Nails and other sharp objects are some of the objects that may require immediate intervention. Food and mixed bezoars are shown in Figure 20.8.

We also present examples of the rare but potentially very serious presentation of a gastric volvulus and the mechanism of volvulus formation (Figure 20.9).