Anatomy of the Kidney

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Anatomy of the Kidney
The structure of the kidney including the ultrastructure of individual cell types, their axial distribution, and arrangement within the kidney is essential to normal renal function. In this chapter, we…
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Sex and Gender in Kidney Health and Disease

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Sex and Gender in Kidney Health and Disease
Key points • There is sexual dimorphism in the kidney, with differences in kidney physiology and disease linked to sex-specific autosomal gene expression, sex chromosome complement, and the biological actions…
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The Renal Biopsy

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on The Renal Biopsy
Key points • Kidney biopsy plays an important role in the management of kidney disease. • Percutaneous kidney biopsy is generally safe if care is taken to select and prepare…
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Disorders of Potassium Balance

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Disorders of Potassium Balance
Potassium Disorders The diagnosis and management of potassium disorders are central skills in clinical nephrology, relevant to not only consultative nephrology but also dialysis and renal transplantation. An understanding of…
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Disorders of Water Balance

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Disorders of Water Balance
KEY POINTS • Because body water is the primary determinant of the osmolality of the extracellular fluid, disorders of water metabolism can be broadly divided into hyperosmolar disorders, in which…
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Epidemiology of Kidney Disease

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Epidemiology of Kidney Disease
Key Points • The definition of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has remained stable since 2002, with staging now including cause, glomerular filtration rate, and albuminuria categories. • The prevalence of…
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Risk Prediction in Chronic Kidney Disease

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Risk Prediction in Chronic Kidney Disease
Key Points • Because of a large variance in chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, there is a need to develop methods for risk stratification within CKD to identify the subgroup…
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Disorders of Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphate Balance

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Disorders of Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphate Balance
Disorders of Calcium Homeostasis The extracellular fluid (ECF) calcium concentration in the human body is tightly regulated by a complex process. Three organs—skeleton, kidney, and intestine—are involved in this process…
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